Cigarette smoking

Holy Quran said in

 [the cow versa ]

[195] and make not your own hands contribute to (your) destruction

introduction

Smokers have a far greater risk of developing diabetes compared to non-smokers, according to new research. A study looking at the link between smoking and glucose abnormalities and Type 2 diabetes revealed active smokers have a 44% increased risk of developing the condition. Heavy smokers - on 20 or more cigarettes a day - had a massive 61% increased risk, compared to lighter smokers where the risk was 29% higher than a non-smoker, researchers found. The increased risk of developing diabetes in former smokers was 23%, according to the article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Dr Carole Willi, at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, looked at 25 studies about the connection between glucose problems and smoking, published between 1992 and 2006. The number of participants ranged from 630 to 709,827, totalling 1.2 million, and 45,844 new cases of diabetes were reported in follow-ups from five to 30 years later. Analysis showed there appeared to be a link between smoking and the risk of diabetes, based on a "dose-response" relationship depending on how many cigarettes are smoked a day. The authors wrote: "We conclude that the relevant question should no longer be whether this association exists, but rather whether this established connection is causal." Observational primary studies cannot prove that smoking actually causes the onset of Type 2 diabetes, which develops gradually and occurs mainly in people over the age of 40. But the researchers said the studies they reviewed suggested there could be a causal link because smoking pre-dated diabetes in all the projects and the level of risk was different depending on how much the person smoked. Insulin Resistance Smoking has also been identified as a risk factor for insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes

Smoking During Pregnancy and Diabetes 

 Women who smoke during pregnancy are likely to expose their children to the risk of diabetes and obesity in later life, according to research. Young adults who smoke are also more likely to be at increased risk of diabetes, the survey suggests. However, a leading British expert says the link has not been fully proved by this study. The Swedish authors used British data on about 17,000 births during March 1958 to conduct their study. At birth, midwives collected information on smoking during pregnancy (after four months) Details of maternal smoking were again recorded in 1974. The group's own smoking behaviour was recorded during an interview at age 16. The offspring were interviewed about diabetes when they were 33. Among those followed fully throughout childhood and adolescence to age 33, the authors identified 15 men and 13 women who had developed diabetes between 16 and 33 years and 602 who were obese at age 33. The conditions are rare in this age group and although relatively few of the group as a whole were affected, the incidence level was still a third more than doctors would have normally expected. The authors of the report, which appears in the British Medical Journal, say the association of diabetes with maternal smoking specifically during pregnancy, suggest it is a true risk factor for type two diabetes, which emerges in adulthood. The survey also found study members without diabetes, but whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, were significantly more likely to be obese or overweight by age 33 years. The charity Diabetes UK believes the report's findings are significant. Smoke damage A spokesman said: "The number of people who developed diabetes is unusually high. "It is not known exactly what causes diabetes, only that it is partially genetic and partially environmental factors. "It is likely a combination of factors will be involved. "The suggested link between smoking during pregnancy and obesity of the offspring is also important because being overweight is known to increase the risk of developing diabetes." "To reduce the risk of developing diabetes, people should follow a healthy balanced diet, take regular exercise and not smoke." Researchers suggest in utero exposure to smoking results in lifelong metabolic dysfunction, possibly due to the foetus being malnourished or harmed by the toxins in cigarette smoke. University of Liverpool consultant physician Dr John Wilding is cautious about the report's findings. The academic, who specialises in diabetes and obesity, said: "More details are needed to clarify whether the association is really true. "I would agree it's further reason to discourage women from smoking during pregnancy, but I think it lacks proof."